土建工程翻譯中說(shuō)明書(shū)在建筑中的作用

 土建建筑翻譯中說(shuō)明書(shū)在建筑中的作用為了招標建設任務(wù)和指導承包者進(jìn)行施工，建筑師或工程技術(shù)人員需要編制合同文件。當“甲方與承包者協(xié)議書(shū)”以及基本條件的某些方面涉及法律程序時(shí)，建筑師和工程技術(shù)人員為甲方律師提供幫助。合同文件包括： 

    甲方與承包者協(xié)議書(shū)： 基本條件（及特殊條件）： 圖紙及說(shuō)明書(shū)。 

    說(shuō)明書(shū)是建設項目的文字說(shuō)明，而圖紙則是該項目的圖示說(shuō)明，圖紙和說(shuō)明書(shū)互為補充。 

    盡管圖紙上也有解釋性的說(shuō)明，但這種說(shuō)明簡(jiǎn)短而籠統，僅對建筑物的型式、位置以及規格尺寸要求加以說(shuō)明，而說(shuō)明書(shū)則擴展到所用材料的特性及安裝技術(shù)要求。圖紙上可能全都寫(xiě)上這樣一條說(shuō)明：“隔間頂棚”。說(shuō)明書(shū)則對該項頂棚進(jìn)行完整說(shuō)明及交代細節。例如隔音材料是采用預先精加工的帶吸音墊的空金屬板還是采用礦物纖維，還是植物纖維；構件的大??；支承隔音材料的金屬格棚是采用隱蔽式還是裸露式以及其他許多別的問(wèn)題。 

    說(shuō)明書(shū)是針對直接承包者的。說(shuō)明書(shū)對工程項目提供順序井然、層次清晰的文字說(shuō)明材料。說(shuō)明書(shū)根據編制者的觀(guān)點(diǎn)，按施工中所涉及的各個(gè)工種，分為若干章節。條理清楚的說(shuō)明書(shū)將有助于成本估算并投標的準備工作。 

    說(shuō)明書(shū)中要詳細注明技術(shù)要求。承包者將研究說(shuō)明書(shū)，從而確定工作程序、施工質(zhì)量、以及完工工程的外觀(guān)等。根據這些資料，他們可以確定各種技術(shù)和勞力的費用。如果技術(shù)要求確定不準確，造價(jià)就會(huì )定得不切合實(shí)際。 

    例如，說(shuō)明書(shū)可能注明風(fēng)道可用白鐵皮制作；但當使用白鐵皮時(shí)，也許要內襯吸音材料，以降低由于空氣流動(dòng)而引起的噪聲。經(jīng)過(guò)非空調空間的空調金屬風(fēng)道應當用保溫材料裹起來(lái)，保溫材料外面加防潮層。這會(huì )防止管道內外空氣間的熱導并避免傳送空氣的管道上發(fā)生冷凝現象。至于風(fēng)道所用的材料，里面應當光滑，這樣對氣流的阻力就小。完工的工程項目有的可能不能滿(mǎn)足設計者的要求。編制清楚而全面的說(shuō)明書(shū)是向承包者說(shuō)明如何建成滿(mǎn)意的建筑物的唯一手段。 

    一旦發(fā)生爭執，簽約各方便首先推敲說(shuō)明書(shū)，查對所作的說(shuō)明及要求，然后才去研究其它的建筑文件。因此，說(shuō)明書(shū)對于具體項目的說(shuō)明和要求一定要準確具體。 

    一份好的說(shuō)明書(shū)將使圖紙說(shuō)明得到擴展和澄清，規定材料和技術(shù)質(zhì)量，規定施工范圍并指出直接承包者的職責。

    Role of Specification in Construction 

    Architects or engineers prepare contract documents for a project for the purpose of obtaining competitive bids for construction and guiding the successful contractor during construction.To the extent,these documents,such as The Agreement between the Owner and the Contractor and certain aspects of the general conditions,involve legal    matters,the role of the architects and engineers is to assist the owner’s attorney.The contract documents consist of:The Agreement between the Owner and the Contrator;General Conditions(and Special Conditions);Drawings and Specififcations. 

    The specifications are a written description and the drawings a diagrammatic presentation of the construction project.The drawings and specifications are complementary. 

    Although explanatory notes are included on drawings,these notes are short,general,and describe a type of construction,its location and quantity required,whereas specifications expand on the 

characteristics of the materials involved and the workmanship desired in installing them.A note on the drawings may read “Suspended acoustic ceiling.”The specifications will completely describe the ceiling and establish such details as whether the acoustic material is pefinished perforated metal with sound-absorbing pads,mineral fiber,orvegetable fiber;the size of the units;whether the metal grid supporting theacoustic units is concealed or exposed and numerous other conditions. 

    Specifications are addressed to the prime contractor.They present a written description of the project in an ordenly and logical manner.They are organized into divisions and sections repressnting,in the opinion of the specification writer,the trades that will be involved in construction.Proper organization of the specifications will facilitate estimating and aid in preparation of bids. 

    Workmanship required should be detailed in the specifications.Contractors study specifications to determine the sequence of work,quality of workmanship,and appearance of end product.From this information,they determine costs of the various skills and labor required.If workmanship is not determined properly,unrealistic costs will result. 

    For example,specification will describe that ducts may be made of galvanized-iron.When galvanized-iron is used,it may be lined with sound-absorbing material,to reduce noise from movement of air.Air-conditioning metal ducts passing through non-conditioned spaces should be wrapped with thermal insulation enclosed in a vapor barrier.This will prevent heat transfer between air within and outside the ducts and condensation on ducts carrying cold air.With regard to materials used for ducts,the interiors should be smooth to keep resistance to air flow small.The end product may or may not satisfy the building designer.A clearly written and comprehensivespecification is the only means of indicating to contractors what must be done to produce an acceptable building. 

    Whenever a dispute arises,the contraction parties will scrutinize the specifications for instructions or requirements spelled out in writing before consulting any other part of the construction documents.So specifications must be specific and accurate in discribing the requirements of the projcet. 

    A good specification will expand or clarify drawing notes,define quality of materials and workmanship,establish the scope of work,and spell out the responsibilities of the prime contractor.